Metal oxides and chlorides are the typically used precursors in sol-gel process. This method is a wet-chemical process containing a chemical solution acting as a precursor for an integrated system of discrete particles. The gel is a solid macromolecule submerged in a solvent. The sol is a colloidal solution of solids suspended in a liquid phase. Sol-gel is the most preferred bottom-up method due to its simplicity and versatility as most of the nanoparticles can be synthesized from this method. Sol-gel, pyrolysis, biosynthesis, spinning and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are the most commonly used bottom-up methods for nanoparticle production. Bottom-up or constructive method is the build-up of material from atom to clusters to nanoparticles.
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